We hear a lot these days about “defending democracy.” What they claim they want to defend it against is tyranny. We must assume here that “democracy” is actually a code word for a system that respects the rights of everyone, and lets everyone – or as many as possible – participate in government. It refers not only to who may be elected to rule, but also to who may participate in the election. The fear – confirmed by history – is that the electors will choose someone who does NOT respect their right to equal participation in the processes of government. In such a wise, a democracy could destroy itself.
What does it mean to rule?
A students’ dictionary tells us: “To have political control or authority over; govern.” Govern: “To control the actions, workings, or behavior of; direct.”
Ruling has a definite political connotation. But more generally, a parent normally rules a family, a Chief Executive normally rules (or directs) a business, and schools are ruled by principals or headmasters.
The ordinary assumption is that a group will have a ruler or a leader.
Traditionally, a ruler or leader holds all three (assuming there are just three) major activities of government: Policy (rule) making, Administration (or execution of policy) and Justice. But that is tyranny. Many leaders attempt to do this, and many populations expect this from their leaders. But there is also a less common tradition of separating these activities under different leaders or leadership groups.
Part of the reason for a governing structure such as the one implemented by our Constitution is to restrain the executive leader from hoarding all of the other functions of government and thus becoming a tyrant. We can also suppose that term limits and some other finer details of our system have been implemented in the hope that they will discourage the rise of tyranny.
What is a majority?
Majority: “a number more than half of a total.”
The modern ideal of “majority” is that the “total” will include every able, honest adult citizen. This was not always the case. For various reasons, groups have agreed – or been coerced to agree – that certain people were fit to choose leaders and others were not.
The ultimate exclusivity is the royal, or monarchical, system. This gives all power of choice rule to just one bloodline. Various failures of that system resulted in pushes to widen the pool of possible rulers and the pool of those who could choose them. It started by including other aristocratic families, then extended to land owners and other businessmen. It was the American ideal to eliminate all traces of royal and aristocratic tradition and replace it, ultimately, with a system where anyone could be qualified to rule the country and anyone could be qualified to vote.
The American ideal never fully materialized. Why not? Was it overly idealistic, or has it been steadfastly resisted by some somewhat hidden elite that has always resented being deprived of its “rightful” place in society and has been fighting to restore its power ever since?
One argument has always been that the voters can be fooled into electing someone who will end their right to vote. That, in essence, they aren’t “smart” enough to choose a ruler.
Who is qualified to choose a ruler?
Beyond various historical facts, the answer to this question is far from clear.
Any system that relies on a democratic process to select rulers would assume (wouldn’t it?) that those people allowed to vote are qualified to choose a good leader. But perhaps this is not the central assumption. Perhaps there was simply no other obvious choice for a workable system of choosing. If you aren’t going to let bloodlines or a small group of insiders pick the next leader, then how else can it be done?
In the corporate world, the Board of Directors normally makes these decisions. That is certainly quite elitist; and only a few corporate entities don’t do it that way. But corporate businesses are one of the strongest sectors of modern society. Could it be that this is a smart way to do things?
In Parliamentary systems, the leader (Prime Minister) is normally chosen from among the parliamentary members. There may be some sort of popular vote associated with this, but usually the Parliament makes this selection itself.
Leaving the choice of a leader to “the people” is in some ways a radical departure from all the more traditional methods. Yet, in its practice, it has similarities to the other systems. These similarities are often not totally appreciated by the voters (or potential voters).
Who is qualified to rule?
In any society that uses leaders, someone must decide who among the various candidates for the various ruling positions are qualified to hold those positions.
If the entire job of choosing a leader consisted of selecting the one who was the most qualified for that job, then that could be one reason businesses do better at this than governments.
In politics (or government), another factor has always entered in, which amounts – in the most simple terms – to ideology.
In the U.S. where only two political parties dominate, there can be only two major ideologies at play in any given race. This tends to result in “binary” political discussions. The most common political binaries are liberal/conservative, Left/Right, and Democrat/Republican. None of these binaries are necessarily equivalent.
In Europe where parliamentary systems are the norm, several different ideologies may be part of the political debate. The European Union currently has seven different political groupings. This “diversity” is also evident in most national parliaments.
There have been many examples in political history of voters choosing leaders by ideology rather than by fitness to serve. This has sometimes resulted in political disaster. We all think of Hitler, but there are others. A candidate – indeed an entire ideology – can be deceptive. And thus voters can be persuaded that their choice will have a certain result, then be surprised when they get a different result. This could be said to be the principal weakness of the popular vote.
Various thinkers and researchers have looked into this problem and attempted to understand it better.
Plato in his Republic argued that a “philosopher-king” would make the best political leader.
Many researchers, notably Łobaczewski (Political Ponerology) focused more on who definitely should not be allowed to lead: The psychopath and the sociopath. It can be noted that such personalities often wind up leading nations or companies or smaller production groups, to the ultimate dismay of most honest people. Such leaders are characterized first by deceit, or their ability to deceive, and next by violence, or their ability to coerce using threats of violence. Some will characterize such people as “strong” leaders. But in fact such people are cowards and basically insane. They will ruin whatever they attempt to control.
Beyond this, we have traditional measures of personal abilities, such as Intelligence, Production Record, and Education. It is common to consider these abilities when selecting business leaders. But, for better or worse, they are seldom seriously considered in selecting political leaders. Attempts have been made, usually during campaigns, to make these factors more important. But “voters” taken as a group seem more likely to choose based on emotional response.
Here is an example of that argument: “The Myth of the Rational Voter: Why Democracies Choose Bad Policies is a 2007 book by the economist Bryan Caplan, in which the author challenges the idea that voters are reasonable people whom society can trust to make laws. Rather, Caplan contends that voters are irrational in the political sphere and have systematically biased ideas concerning economics.”
The Emotional Tone Scale and politics
Hubbard introduced the concept of emotional tone in 1950. It is a method of analyzing a person or group depending on its emotional responses. Done well, it is pretty good at predicting behaviors. But it is not widely known or used, except in a sloppy pop-psychology form.
In his Science of Survival, Hubbard relates Tone Level to political approach (or ideology). By his observation people of highest tone are the most “liberal,” followed by those who are “conservative.” Most other political ideologies fall into the “negative emotion” band, and thus are unsafe. This is where we are living today, and why the saner among us are so concerned about certain alternative political approaches. They see the deceit in an ideology like Communism or Socialism and vehemently warn us against them, without a conceptual framework adequate to explain why.
When the two choices in America (liberal/conservative) were both seen as reflecting a positive emotion, then the debate between them could remain civil. Now that many among us see ideologies we disagree with as reflecting negative emotions, we are more strident in denouncing them, or warning against them.
Today, rational thinkers see the exclusionary messages of “the Right” as reflecting the negative emotion of Anger. They rightly see this as capable of producing political violence, and thus dangerous. Others see the inclusionary messages of “the Left” as based in Fear, rather than in a true liberal cheerfulness. To the extent that this is true, those people could be very dangerous, implementing coercive and anti-democratic measures in the name of “safety of the larger community” or other platitudes. The psychopath can mimic higher-toned people and ideas, and this is the concern of many who warn against the new ideologies described as “Woke” or “Critical Theory.” They argue that these are psychopathic, or criminal, ideologies dressed up to appear rational and “liberal.”
This debate is currently in a stalemate. Some would call it a propaganda (or “cold”) war with the potential to turn into a hot war. We are already dealing with two hot wars related to these clashing ideologies, one in Ukraine and one in Gaza (Israel/Palestine).
In these wars, the “Right” has sent its armies into more “Left” areas, resulting in great destruction and loss of life. However, one “liberal” area (Ukraine) has been accused of being very corrupt, as well as infiltrated by anti-Russian groups created by the CIA. And in Gaza, the “ruling party” was a terrorist group that has been perfectly willing to launch thousands of missiles into Israel and attack and kill Israeli civilians. This is a deceitful and cowardly way to fight a war. Thus we see that war is often the result when both sides slip into the realm of negative emotion.
We do not have many mechanisms for keeping politics – and the governments that result from it – on the positive side of the tone scale. This is our real danger.
Who is qualified to vote?
I restate this question after going through the above discussion.
Can you tell the difference between an honest man and a deceitful man (or woman)? Would you be willing to vote for someone who seemed less than honest just because there was no better choice?
If you answered “no” and then “yes,” I would prefer that you not vote.
However, we have in place in the U.S. and in most of Europe “universal suffrage.” That means that if you are a literate adult, you are “qualified” to vote.
I don’t care that much what your political ideology is. I prefer an honestly “liberal” approach, but an honestly “conservative” approach is also workable.
I would prefer leaders and voters who are intelligent. That might be considered “elitist,” but the fact remains that most people are not really qualified to rule, and possibly not to vote, either. Rulers are by definition an elite (in that we require only a limited number of them), and perhaps voters should be, too.
But I would be happy if all voters at least knew the Tone Scale and could spot people on it. I believe that low-toned people have been our major problem in politics, not this or that ideology. We need honest people in politics, as well as in business and education. Honest people with no major secrets to hide are less likely to start wars or make other disastrous decisions that will harm the lives of millions. If the majority can learn how to select such people, then the majority may rule. If the majority makes too many mistakes, then it will likely lose its power to choose its leaders.